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Jip J. Dekker 2021-05-21 14:47:36 +10:00
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1
.chktexrc
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@ -2,3 +2,4 @@
VerbEnvir { pgfpicture tikzpicture mzn nzn plain grammar proof } VerbEnvir { pgfpicture tikzpicture mzn nzn plain grammar proof }
MathCmd { \hypo } MathCmd { \hypo }
WipeArg { \mzninline:{} \nzninline:{} \Sem:{} \texttt:{} } WipeArg { \mzninline:{} \nzninline:{} \Sem:{} \texttt:{} }
CmdLine { -n21 }

53
chapters/3_rewriting.tex
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@ -155,8 +155,9 @@ The translation from \minizinc\ to \microzinc{} involves the following steps:
\mzninline{int_plus(x,y)}. As mentioned above, more complex rules for \mzninline{int_plus(x,y)}. As mentioned above, more complex rules for
rewriting conditionals with variables, such as \mzninline{if x then A rewriting conditionals with variables, such as \mzninline{if x then A
else B endif} and \mzninline{A[x]} where \mzninline{x} is a variable, else B endif} and \mzninline{A[x]} where \mzninline{x} is a variable,
are also replaced by function calls (\eg\ \mzninline{if_then_else([x, are also replaced by function calls (\eg\
true], [A, B])} and \mzninline{element(a, x)} respectively). \mzninline{if_then_else([x, true], [A, B])} and
\mzninline{element(a, x)} respectively).
\item Replace optional variables into non-optional forms. As shown by Mears et \item Replace optional variables into non-optional forms. As shown by Mears et
al., optional variable types can be represented using a variable of the al., optional variable types can be represented using a variable of the
@ -432,7 +433,7 @@ suitable alpha renaming.
The rules in \cref{fig:4-rewrite-to-nzn-calls} handle function calls. The first The rules in \cref{fig:4-rewrite-to-nzn-calls} handle function calls. The first
rule (Call) evaluates a function call expression in the context of a \microzinc\ rule (Call) evaluates a function call expression in the context of a \microzinc\
program \(\Prog\) and \nanozinc\ program \(\Env\). The rule evaluates the program \(\Prog{}\) and \nanozinc\ program \(\Env{}\). The rule evaluates the
function body \(\ptinline{E}\) where the formal parameters \(p_{i}\) are function body \(\ptinline{E}\) where the formal parameters \(p_{i}\) are
substituted by the call arguments \(a_{i}\).\footnote{We use substituted by the call arguments \(a_{i}\).\footnote{We use
\(E_{[a \mapsto b]}\) as a notation for the expression \(E\) where \(a\) is \(E_{[a \mapsto b]}\) as a notation for the expression \(E\) where \(a\) is
@ -656,8 +657,8 @@ prepended by \texttt{↳}).
Evaluating \mzninline{constraint c} will result in the domain of \mzninline{c} Evaluating \mzninline{constraint c} will result in the domain of \mzninline{c}
to be bound to \mzninline{true}, the disjunction then trivially holds, to be bound to \mzninline{true}, the disjunction then trivially holds,
independent of the value of \mzninline{b}. The constraint \mzninline{abs(x) > independent of the value of \mzninline{b}. The constraint
y} is therefore not required. However, the rewriting has to choose a \mzninline{abs(x) > y} is therefore not required. However, the rewriting has to choose a
particular order in which arguments are evaluated, so it is always possible particular order in which arguments are evaluated, so it is always possible
that it already evaluated the left-hand side before ``noticing'' that the that it already evaluated the left-hand side before ``noticing'' that the
disjunction is true. disjunction is true.
@ -895,7 +896,7 @@ for MIP\@.
\subsection{Common Sub-expression Elimination}\label{sec:4-cse} \subsection{Common Sub-expression Elimination}\label{sec:4-cse}
\jip{Adjust with the background section. Just needs to talk about microzinc optimisation.} \jip{Adjust with the background section. Just needs to talk about \microzinc{} optimisation.}
The simplifications introduced above remove definitions from the model when we The simplifications introduced above remove definitions from the model when we
can detect that they are no longer needed. In some cases, it is even possible to can detect that they are no longer needed. In some cases, it is even possible to
@ -958,27 +959,27 @@ combine both approaches. The static approach can be further improved by
\emph{inlining} function calls, since that may expose more calls as being \emph{inlining} function calls, since that may expose more calls as being
syntactically equal. syntactically equal.
\jip{TODO: \gls{cse} will be discussed in the background. How can we make this \jip{TODO:\ \gls{cse} will be discussed in the background. How can we make this
more specific to how it works in \nanozinc{}.} more specific to how it works in \nanozinc{}.}
\paragraph{Reification} \paragraph{Reification}
\jip{Adjust with information in the background section. Is there anything specific to the microzinc/nanozinc system?} \jip{Adjust with information in the background section. Is there anything specific to the \microzinc{}/\nanozinc{} system?}
Many constraint modelling languages, including \minizinc{}, not only enable Many constraint modelling languages, including \minizinc{}, not only enable
constraints to be globally enforced, but typically also support constraints to \constraints{} to be globally enforced, but typically also support
be \emph{reified} into a Boolean variable. Reification means that a variable \constraints{} to be \emph{reified} into a Boolean variable. Reification means
\mzninline{b} is constrained to be true if and only if a corresponding that a variable \mzninline{b} is constrained to be true if and only if a
constraint \mzninline{c(...)} holds. We have already seen reification in corresponding constraint \mzninline{c(...)} holds. We have already seen
\cref{ex:4-absreif}: the truth of constraint \mzninline{abs(x) > y} was bound to reification in \cref{ex:4-absreif}: the truth of constraint \mzninline{abs(x) >
a Boolean variable \mzninline{b1}, which was then used in a disjunction. We say y} was bound to a Boolean variable \mzninline{b1}, which was then used in a
that the same constraint can be used in \emph{root context} as well as in a disjunction. We say that the same constraint can be used in \emph{root context}
\emph{reified context}. In \minizinc{}, almost all constraints can be used in both as well as in a \emph{reified context}. In \minizinc{}, almost all constraints
contexts. However, reified constraints are often defined in the library in terms can be used in both contexts. However, reified constraints are often defined in
of complicated decompositions into simpler constraints, or require specialised the library in terms of complicated decompositions into simpler constraints, or
algorithms in the target solvers. In either case, it can be very beneficial for require specialised algorithms in the target solvers. In either case, it can be
the efficiency of the generated \nanozinc\ program if we can detect that a very beneficial for the efficiency of the generated \nanozinc\ program if we can
reified constraint is in fact not required. detect that a reified constraint is in fact not required.
If a constraint is present in the root context, it means that it must hold If a constraint is present in the root context, it means that it must hold
globally. If the same constraint is used in a reified context, it can therefore globally. If the same constraint is used in a reified context, it can therefore
@ -1018,7 +1019,7 @@ addition recognises constraints in \emph{positive} contexts, also known as
\emph{half-reified} \autocite{feydy-2011-half-reif}. A full explanation and \emph{half-reified} \autocite{feydy-2011-half-reif}. A full explanation and
discussion of half-reification can be found in \cref{ch:half_reif}. discussion of half-reification can be found in \cref{ch:half_reif}.
\jip{TODO: Reification should also be discussed in the background. How can we \jip{TODO:\ Reification should also be discussed in the background. How can we
make this more specific to how it works in \nanozinc{}.} make this more specific to how it works in \nanozinc{}.}
\subsection{Constraint Aggregation}% \subsection{Constraint Aggregation}%
@ -1044,8 +1045,8 @@ operators. For example the evaluation of the linear constraint \mzninline{x +
These \nanozinc\ definitions are correct, but, at least for \gls{mip} solvers, These \nanozinc\ definitions are correct, but, at least for \gls{mip} solvers,
the existence of the intermediate variables is likely to have a negative impact the existence of the intermediate variables is likely to have a negative impact
on the \gls{solver}'s performance. These \glspl{solver} would likely perform on the \gls{solver}'s performance. These \glspl{solver} would likely perform
better had they received the linear constraint \mzninline{int_lin_le([1,2,-1], better had they received the linear constraint
[x,y,z], 0)} directly. Since many solvers support linear constraints, it is \mzninline{int_lin_le([1,2,-1], [x,y,z], 0)} directly. Since many solvers support linear constraints, it is
often an additional burden to have intermediate values that have to be given a often an additional burden to have intermediate values that have to be given a
value in the solution. value in the solution.
@ -1067,7 +1068,7 @@ visit the functional definitions and combine their constraints. The top-level
intermediate variables become unused, they will be removed using the normal intermediate variables become unused, they will be removed using the normal
mechanisms. mechanisms.
\jip{TODO: Aggregation is also part of the background. How can we make this more \jip{TODO:\ Aggregation is also part of the background. How can we make this more
specific to how it works in \nanozinc{}.} specific to how it works in \nanozinc{}.}
\section{Experiments}\label{sec:4-experiments} \section{Experiments}\label{sec:4-experiments}
@ -1142,7 +1143,7 @@ unoptimised prototype to a mature piece of software.
\pgfplotstableread[ \pgfplotstableread[
col sep=comma, col sep=comma,
]{assets/table/rew_functional.csv}\rewFuncData ]{assets/table/rew_functional.csv}\rewFuncData{}
\begin{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[ \begin{axis}[
xbar, xbar,